Basic Concepts

• Chemical equations

• Stoichiometry

State of Matter

• Graham’s law of diffusion

• Avogadro’s law

• Dalton’s law of partial pressure

• Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)

Atomic Structure

• Spectrum of hydrogen atom

• Bohr model of hydrogen atom – its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits

• Limitations of Bohr’s model

• Dual nature of matter

• De-Broglie’s Relationship

• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

• Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions

• Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals

• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance

• Shapes of s, p and d – orbitals

• Electron spin and spin quantum number

• Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule

• Electronic configuration of elements

• Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy

• Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules

• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance

• Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital

Chemical Thermodynamics

• First law of thermodynamics – Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity

Equilibrium

• Law of chemical equilibrium

• Equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance

Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells

• Different types of electrodes

• Electrode potentials including standard electrode potential

• Half – cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement

• Nernst equation and its applications

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a chemical reaction & Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst

• Elementary and complex reactions

• Order and molecularity of reactions

• Rate law

• Rate constant and its units

S-Block Elements

• Preparation and properties of some important compounds – sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide

• Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement

• Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca

P-Block Elements

• Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium

• Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; Structure & properties of silicates

• Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus

• Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur

• Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid, Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides

• Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Co-ordination Compounds

• Isomerism

• Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds

Organic Compounds

• Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions

• Stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles

• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

Hydrocarbon

• Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes

• Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.

• Alkynes – Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization

Compounds containing Halogens

• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions

• Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform & iodoform.

Compounds containing Oxygen

• Alcoholes, Phenols and Ethers

• Aldehydes and Ketones

• Carboxylic Acids

Compound containing Nitrogen

• Amines

• Diazonium Salt

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Vitamines

• Nucleic Acids